differ from the Islamic view based on the principle of Caliphate?
What are the fundamental differences between the two systems?
In modern Western philosophy, rights are based on "rational" and empirical foundations, as they have evolved through main historical milestones, such as:
-The British Declaration of Rights (1689).
-The Declaration of Independence of the United States (1776).
-The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789).
-The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, for example, believes that man is born free, but society binds him with controls imposed by laws and traditions.
According to John Locke, the main human rights include the right to life, liberty, and property, which are rights prior to the state, and are not granted by political authority.
Immanuel Kant also asserts that ethics should be based on reason alone, without the need for any religious authority; because "the moral law is within me, not in an external text".
The West has promoted individual freedoms, but this system suffers from fundamental problems, such as:
-The imbalance between rights and duties, where individual rights are emphasized without corresponding responsibilities.
-The tendency towards moral relativism, where there is no fixed standard to determine right and wrong.
-The gradual exclusion of religion as an ethical reference, leading to dismantle social values in some Western societies.
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